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¡¡  1947 §à§ß§í 5 §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß 1-§ß§Õ "Ө§®Ө§©§°" §ß§î §¥§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ï§Ó §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Õ§à§à§â §à§Õ§à§à§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §·§ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §µ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ø§ï§ï. 60 §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ñ§Ó§è§í§Ô ө§ß§Ôө§âөө§Ôөө§Õ Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß "өө§â§äөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç" §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î "§Ò§å§ã§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç" §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§í§Ô §à§Õ§à§à §ã§Ñ§ñ §å§ç§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ өө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Úө§ï Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý (§Ô§à§Ó§Ú§Û§ß ө§Þ§ßө§ç §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý) §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§é ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §ï§Õ§Ô§ï§ï§â §çү§Þүү§ã§Ú§Û§Ô "§¥§à§ä§à§à§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô. "Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§ï§â §ß§î §ç§ï§Ù§ï§ï§ß§ï§ï§ã §Ò§Ú§Û §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§à§Ý?

      Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§Õ§à§à §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç§Ñ§Õ, §äүү§ç§Ú§Û§ß ү§ß§ï§ß§Ú§Û §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û §äүү§ç §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ô §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ç§Ñ§ß §ç§à§Þ§ã§Õ§à§à§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ê§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §äүү§ç§Ú§Û§ß ү§ß§ï§ß§ï§ï §à§Ý§Ø §å§ß§ê§Ú§Ø §å§ç§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ù§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§â§î §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ §ã§å§â§Ñ§Ý§è§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§à§Õ "Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý"-§í§ß§ç§à§à §Ô§å§ß§Ú§Ô§ä §äүү§ç§ï§ï §Ô§å§ä§Ñ§Þ§ê§Ú§Ô§ä ө§ßөө§Õ§â§Ú§Û§Ô §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Õ§Ý§à§à.

      "§·§à§ê§å§å §ß§Ñ§Û§Þ§í§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ò§Ñ "§¥§à§ä§à§à§Õ §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" "§·§à§ê§å§å §ß§Ñ§Û§Þ§í§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §Ñ§Ý§î §ï§â§ä 1636 §à§ß§Õ §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Ñ§ã ө§Þ§ßө, §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §çү§ß§Ú§Û "§ç§à§ê§å§å §ß§Ñ§Û§Þ"-§í§ß §è§ï§â§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§Ú§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Õ §ç§Ñ§Þ§â§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø §ç§ï§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §çү§ß§Û§Ú §ï§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§Ý§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à. §º§å§å§Õ §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Õ§Ñ§Þ§ä§Ñ§Û §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §çү§ß §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §é §Ò§à§Ý§Þ§à§à§â §ð§Þ. "§·§à§ê§å§å §ß§Ñ§Û§Þ§í§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ" §Ô§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø§ï§ï.

      "§¥§à§ä§à§à§Õ §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î §­§Ú§Ô§Õ§ï§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §¸§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §¡§Ý§ä§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ç§à§Û§é үө§Ú§Û§ß §çү§ß §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§ï§Ý§ß§ï. §¿§ß§ï §ç§à§×§â §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Òү§Ý§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §äө§Ó §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ. §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ý §Ò§à§Ý §Õ§Ñ§â§å§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §çү§é§Ú§â§ç§ï§Ô§Ø§Ú§Ý §ð§Þ. §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §ß§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ý §Õ§Ñ§ç§Ú§ß үү§ã§ï§ç§ï§ï§ã §ï§Þ§ï§ï§ß, §¸§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §´ү§Þ§ï§ß §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô§ä §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ß§à§×§ß, §ç§à§ê§å§å §ß§à§×§ß §ä§Ñ§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§ß§Ôү§Û, §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §å§â§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ê§å§å§Õ §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§Û§ß§çүү "§¥§à§ä§à§à§Õ §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ò§Ñ "§¥§à§ä§à§à§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§î §ê§Ú§ß§Ø §é§Ñ§ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û.

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"§ª§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ý §ê§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ú§â" §Ò§Ñ "§·§Ñ§Ñ§ß §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ä §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Òү§Ý§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ä§à§Û§Þ"

1771 §à§ß§Õ §´§à§â§Ô§å§å§Õ §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ï§â§ç §éө§Ýөө, §ï§ç §ç§ï§Ý, §ê§Ñ§ê§Ú§ß §êү§ä§ï§ï§ß§ï§ï §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç, §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§ç§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §ï§ã§ï§â§Ôүү§è§ï§Ø, §äү§Þ§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Ñ§Ô §ä§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §Õ§ï§ï§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §©үү§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§å§è§Ñ§ß §Ú§â§Ø§ï§ï. §¿§ß§ï §ß§î §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §äө§â§Õ §Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ô §ãүү§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à. Үү§ß§ï§ï§ã 8 §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ãүү§Ý§ï§ï§â 1779 §à§ß§Õ §´§ï§ß§Ô§ï§â §ä§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§é §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Ù§Ñ§â§Ý§Ú§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§Ø, "§Ú§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ý §ê§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ú§â" (§©§Ñ§â§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§ã§à§ß §Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ä §ç§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ä §Ó§Ñ§ß §Ôү§ß§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ú§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ý §ê§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ú§â)-§í§Ô §Ò§Ú§éүү§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. "§Ú§Ý§Ô§ï§Ý §ê§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ú§â"-§í§Ô ө§â§Ôө§Ô§ãө§Õ §¤§Ñ§à §¨§Ú§ß§ê§Ú (1751-1815) §ß§Ñ§Û§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§é§Ø§ï§ï. 1789 §à§ß§Õ §Ñ§ß§ç §ç§ï§Ó§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß "§Ú§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ý §ê§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ú§â"-§ä §¡§â Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß§Ôү§Û §Þө§â§äөө, "§¥§à§ä§à§à§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §é §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß§Ôү§Û. 1636 §à§ß§Õ §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ç§Ñ§Õ §Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §Ô§à§Ó§Ú§Û§ß ө§Þ§ßө§ç §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ã §Ù§å§å§ß §Ø§Ú§Ý §ç§à§Ø§Ú§Þ§Õ§à§ß 1691 §à§ß§Õ §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §Ô§à§Ó§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§â§í§ß §·§Ñ§Ý§ç §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §ß§î §Òү§â "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ä §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø§ï§ï.

      §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§Ô "§Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ä" §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §äө§â §Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ, §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §à§â§à§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §äө§â §ê§å§å§Õ §ß§à§×§â§ç§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã, §ï§ß§ï §ç§à§×§â§à§à§ã §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Òү§Ý§ï§Ô, §´ө§Ó§Õ §µ§Û§Ô§Ñ§â §Ò§Ñ §·§à§ä§à§ß§é§å§å§Õ §Òү§Ô§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §Ù§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. Ө§Þ§ßө§ç үө§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§î 1839 §à§ß§Õ §Ò§Ú§é§Ø§ï§ï. §´ө§Ô§ã§Ôө§Ý§Ú§Û§ß ү§Ô §ß§î 1835 §à§ß§Õ §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß "§·§Ñ§Ñ§ß §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §ç§Ñ§â§î§ñ§Ñ§ä §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Òү§Ý§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ä§à§Û§Þ" §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§à§Þ §ß§î §·§Ñ§à §ª§ß§ê§Ú "§ª§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ý §ê§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ú§â"-§í§Ô ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§Ý§ï§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §à§ß§Õ§à§à §çү§ß §ß§Ñ§Û§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ú§é§ã§ï§ß §ð§Þ. 1884 §à§ß§Õ §ç§ï§Ó§Ý§ï§ß §ä§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §ï§ß§ï§çүү §ß§à§Þ§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ô §äү§âүү§ß§Õ §Ô§à§Ó§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§â§í§ß "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ò§Ñ §Ô§à§Ó§Ú§Û§ß ө§Þ§ßө§ç "§¥§à§ä§à§à§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý"-§í§ß §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ үү§ã§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

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"§®§Ñ§ß§Ø §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß §Ô§ï§â" 1884 §à§ß§Õ §Ò§Ñ§ã §ñ§Þ§Ñ§â §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß§í§Ô §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ç §é§å§ç§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û. 1862 §à§ß§Õ §ª§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß үү§ã§é, 1870 §à§ß§Õ §º§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ñ§ß§Õ §ª§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§ß  §ç§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §¿§ß§ï үө§Õ ө§Þ§ßө §à§â§à§ß§Õ §´§Ñ§Û§á§Ú§ß§ä§Ú§ï§ß §Ôүө §å§Ý§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß, §¯§Ú§Ñ§ß§Øү§ß§í §å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß үү§ã§é §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ô§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §º§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §ä§Ñ§ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §´§Ñ§Û§á§Ú§ß§ä§Ú§ï§ß §Ôүө§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§Ô§å§Û§Ý§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ §à§ß§è §Ô§Ñ§Ó§î§ñ§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §©үө §©ү§ß§ä§Ñ§ß §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §Ø§Ñ§ß§Ø§Ú§ß "§º§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §ï§â§Ôүү§Ý§ï§ß §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç§Ôү§Û §Ò§à§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§ß §ï§ã §é§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ç, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§ß §ï§ã §é§Ñ§Õ§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§ã §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §Õ§Ñ§â§å§Û §Þө§ç§Þ§å§Û" §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ß, §ç§å§Ó§Ú§Û§ß §è§ï§â§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §º§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§ç§à§à§â §Þ§à§â§Õ§à§à§Õ, 16 §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ô§Ñ§è§Ñ§Ñ §ç§ï§â§Ô§ï§Ý§Ø 1877 §à§ß§Õ §º§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§Ô§å§Û§Ý§Ñ§ß §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

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§¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §å§â§Õ §©үө §©ү§ß§ä§Ñ§ß§í ү§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ø 1884 §à§ß§Õ "§º§Ú§ß§Ø§Ú§Ñ§ß"

§Þ§å§Ø §ç§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ç §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §Þ§Ñ§ñ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ø, §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ß§à§×§Õ§í§Ô §ä§à§Þ§Ú§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¿§ß§ï §ß§î §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §çү§ß §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §à§â§ß§í§Ô §ß§à§×§â§ç§à§ç §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Ñ§ß§ç§ß§í §ï§ç§Ý§ï§Ý§ä §ð§Þ. Үү§ß§ï§ï§ã §ï§ç§ï§Ý§Ø §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §é §ê§Ú§ß§Ø §é§Ñ§ß§Ñ§â§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§Ñ§Ý§ä §Ô§Ñ§â§é, §å§å§Ý§í§ß §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§Ý§à§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§Ô§å§Û§Ý§Ñ§ß, §´ө§Ó§Õ §ª§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ñ "§®§Ñ§ß§Ø §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ß§ï§Ô §Ô§ï§â" §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý, §´ө§Ó§Õ, §ª§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§é§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

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"§·§à§â§Ú§ß §è§Ñ§Ñ§Ù" §Ò§Ñ "§¢§à§à§Ý§Þ§ä §ê§å§Ó§ä§Ý§Ñ§ç"

1644 §à§ß§Õ §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §çү§ß §Ò§à§à§Þ§ä§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ô §à§â§à§à§Õ §¢§ï§ï§Ø§Ú§ß§Ô§ï§ï§â §ß§Ú§Û§ã§Ý§ï§Ý§ï§ï §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø§ï§ï. §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ï§ç§ß§Ú§Û үө§Õ §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §çү§ß 100 §äү§Þ§ï§ß §çү§ß §Ñ§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§ï§Ó§ï§Ý 90 §äү§Þ §ß§î §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ§í§ß §®§Ñ§ß§Ø§Ú§Û§ß §à§â§ß§à§à§ã §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ø, §è§ï§â§Ô§ï§ï §Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ß §¢§ï§ï§Ø§Ú§ß§Õ §à§â§Ø §ã§å§å§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ. §ª§Û§Þ§ï§ï§ã ө§ß§Ôө §ê§Ú§Þ§Ý§ï§Ô §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ§í§ß §à§â§à§ß §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §ï§Ù§Ôү§Û §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §à§Ý§à§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.

      §¿ө§ï§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§ß §ä§ï§â§Ôүү§ß §à§ß§à§à§ã §¢§ï§ï§Ø§Ú§ß, §·§ï§Ò§ï§Û§Ô§ï§ï§ã §çөө§Ô§Õ§ãө§ß §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§é§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ§í§ß §®§Ñ§ß§Ø§Ú§Û§ß §à§â§à§ß§Õ §à§â§Ø §Ñ§ä§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§ç§í§Ô §Ùө§Ó§êөө§â§ãө§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¿ө§ï§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§ß 10 §à§ß§Õ " §­§Ú§Ñ§à§Õ§å§ß §à§â§à§ß§Õ §Ñ§â§Õ§í§Ô §å§â§Ú§ß §Ñ§ä§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§Ý"-§í§Ô §ä§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Ñ§Ø, §çүү§Õ§ï§Ý§é§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §å§â§î§Ø, §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç, §Ñ§ä§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ç §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ §Òү§ç§Ú§Û §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ô§Ñ§Ù§â§í§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß ө§Þ§ßө §à§â§ß§í §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§Õ§í§ß §ßүү§Õ§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§Ø §ã§å§å§ç§í§Ô §çө§çүү§Ý§ï§ß §ê§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

      §©үү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ §à§â§à§ß §Ò§à§Ý §®§Ñ§ß§Ø§Ú§Û§ß §äө§â §Ôү§â§ï§ß §Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ø §Ò§à§ã§ã§à§ß §Ò§å§ñ§ß§ä §à§â§à§ß. §ª§ç §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§Õ§í§ß §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§Ø §ã§å§å§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§î §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §çү§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§ê§Ú§Ô §ä§å§ã§Ñ§Õ §ç§Ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§Ø, §ç§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Û§é §Õ§ï§ï§â§ï§Þ §ã§Ñ§Þ§å§å§â§Ñ§ß, §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §çү§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§Þ§î§Õ§Ñ§â§Ý§í§ß §ç§ï§Ó §Õү§â§ï§Þ, §Ù§Ñ§ß §Õ§Ñ§Õ§Ý§í§Ô §ï§Ó§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¿§ß§ç §Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Û§ß 7-§â (1668) §à§ß§à§à§ã §Õ§à§ä§à§â §Ô§Ñ§Ù§â§í§ß §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§Õ§í§ß §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§à§ç§í§Ô §è§Ñ§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §å§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §å§Ý§Ñ§Þ §é§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ý§Ñ§ß §ç§à§â§Ú§Ô§Ý§à§Ø, §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û§Ô §è§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§à§Þ§ä§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ñ§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ñ §ê§Ú§ß§ï §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§é§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §çөө§ß §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ó§é§Ú§Ý§Ø, §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ä §ß§î §çү§Ý§Ô§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

      §¥§à§ä§à§â §Ô§Ñ§Ù§â§í§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§å§å§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß, §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §à§â§à§ß§Õ §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §ã§å§å§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§Ôү§Û, §ä§à§Ô§ä§ã§à§ß §Ô§ï§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§Ôү§Û, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§ä§ï§Û §ç§å§â§Ú§Þ§Ý§Ñ§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§Ôү§Û, §à§â§é§Ú§ß §Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ñ§é§Ú§ß §Òү§ç§ï§Ý §Ø§Ú§Ý§ï§ï§â §ã§å§å§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§Ôү§Û, §Ùө§Ó§êөө§â§Ý§í§ß §á§Ñ§Û§Ù§Ñ§Ñ §Ùүү§Ø §ç§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Ñ §à§â§Ø §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§å§è§Ñ§ç §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô §Ñ§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ §Òү§ç§Ú§Û "§ç§à§â§Ú§à §è§Ñ§Ñ§Ù"-§í§Ô 1740 §à§ß§Õ §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ý§ï§ß §ä§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ß§î §ç§ï§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô§ï§ï§â "§ç§à§â§Ú§à §è§Ñ§Ñ§Ù"-§í§Ô §ß§Ú§Û§ä§Ý§ï§ß §ä§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§é, §·§ï§Ò§ï§Û, §º§Ñ§ß§Õ§å§ß§í §ñ§Õ§å§å §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§Õ§í§ß §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§ß§à§à§â §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§à§ç§í§Ô §Òү§â§Þө§ãө§ß §ç§à§â§Ú§Ô§Ý§à§Ø §é§Ñ§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß§Ôү§Û. §´§ï§ß§Ô§ï§â§Ú§Û§Ô §ä§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§é§Ú§Û§Ô 41 - §â (1776) §à§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ä§à§Ý, §ß§ï§Ô§ï§ß§ä 180 §äү§Þ§ï§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§Ú§Õ "§Ò§à§à§Þ§ä §ê§å§Ó§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß" §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ §à§â§à§ß§Õ §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§Ø§ï§ï. §´§ï§â §Þө§â§äөө §ï§ß§ï §ß§î "§ç§à§â§Ú§à §è§Ñ§Ñ§Ù"-§í§Ô §é§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ý§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Øүү§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç §ç§å§Ô§Ñ§è§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ §ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§à§à§â, §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ §ß§ï§â §Ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§â§ê§ã§Ñ§ß "§¢§à§à§Þ§ä §ê§å§Ó§ä§Ý§Ñ§ç" §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î §Ò§å§Û §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¹§å§ç§Ñ§Þ §ç§ï§Õ§ï§ß §çү§ß §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß§Õ §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§ã§ß§í§Ô §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ §à§â§ß§í §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.

      1800 §à§ß§í үө§Õ §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ§í§ß §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ §Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô 200 §äү§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø 1840 §à§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§à§Õ 305 §äү§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ñ§â§Õ§í§Ô §ßүү§Ý§Ô§ï§ï§ß §ç§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ä§Ô§Ñ§ç §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à§à§â 1860 §à§ß§à§à§ã §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §Þө§çө§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ä§à§Ý 50 §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ç§à§à§â§à§ß§Õ 1500 §äү§Þ§ï§ß §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ §ß§ï§Þ§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø, 1800 §äү§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. 1911 - 1932 §à§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ä§à§Ý§ç §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§å§Ô§Ñ§è§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ§í§ß §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ §ß§î §Õ§Ñ§ç§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Þ§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø, 3400 §äү§Þ§ï§ß §çү§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. 1932 §à§ß§Õ §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ §à§â§à§ß§Õ §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Þө§ß §ä§å§ã §Ø§Ú§Ý§Õ §Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô 100 §äү§Þ§ï§ß §çү§ß "§¢§à§à§Þ§ä §ê§å§Ó§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß" §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß§Õ §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§Ø§ï§ï. §ª§Û§ß§çүү 1942 §à§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ç§à§Õ §Ùүү§ß §ç§à§Û§Õ§í§ß §çү§ß §Ñ§Þ §ß§î 4400 §äү§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¢§à§à§Þ§ä§à§à§ã §à§Û§â§ç§à§ß §·§Ñ§â§é§Ú§ß §äү§Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ï§ã §ï§ç§Ý§ï§ß, §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ä§Ñ§Û §Ù§Ñ§ç §ß§Ú§Û§Ý§ã§ï§ß §·§à§â§é§Ú§ß §©§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û§Õ§í§ß §Ó§Ñ§ß §Ôү§ß §ß§Ñ§â §Õ§à§ä§à§â §Ô§Ñ§Ù§â§í§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§é§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô ү§Ý§Õ§ï§ï§ß §Ñ§Ó§é §Ñ§ä§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ô §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§å§Ý§Ø, §äү§â§ï§ï§ã §ç§å§â§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Ñ§ê§Ú§Ô §à§Ý§à§ç§à§Õ §ê§å§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §¿§ß§ï §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§ß§í §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §ï§ç§Ý§ï§Ý§ä §Ô§ï§Ó§ï§Ý, XYI §Ù§å§å§ß§í §Õ§å§ß§Õ§Ø§Ñ§Ñ§â §·ө§ç §ç§à§ä§í§ß §¡§Ý§ä§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §®§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ú§â§Ô§ï§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Ó§é§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§é§Ú§â§é §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Û §ß§Ú§Û§Ýүү§Ý§ï§ß "§ç§å§Ó§Ú§Û§ß §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä" §Ô§ï§Ø §Ù§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ §ï§â§Õ§ï§Þ§ä§ï§Õ ү§ß§ï§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

     

"§¨§Ú§ß§Õ§Ñ§ß§î §Õ§Ñ§à§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß" §Ò§Ñ "§å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä"

§ê§Ú§âүү§ã§ã§ï§ß§ï§ï§ã §Õ§à§â§à§Û§ä§à§Ø §Þ§å§å§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §Ú§ç §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§ï§ï§Ô§ï§ï§â §ï§Ù§Ý§ï§ß §Ñ§Ó§é§ï§ï. 1860 §à§ß§Õ §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã "§¡§â§Õ§í§Ô §ßүү§Ý§Ô§ï§ß §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â§í§Ô §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ä§Ô§Ñ§ç" §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§í§Ô §Õ§å§â§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§Ø, §Õ§à§ä§à§â §Ô§Ñ§Ù§â§í§Ô §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§Õ§í§Ô §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §à§â§ß§à§à§â §ßүү§Ý§Ô§ï§ß §à§â§å§å§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §·§ï§Ò§ï§Û §º§Ñ§ß§î§Õ§å§ß§í §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§Ú§Õ §çү§â§ç§â§ï§ï §Þ§ï§ä §çү§â§ï§Ý§è§ï§ß §Ú§â§Ø, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ï§Ù§Ý§ï§ß §ã§å§å§Ø, §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §Ò§ï§Ý§é§ï§ï§â§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ø §ï§ç§ï§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ø§Ú§Ý §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Þө§â§Ôө§Ý§Õөө§ßөө§ã §ï§ç§Ý§ï§ß, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§í§ß ө§êөө §ç§à§â§ã§à§Ý §é §ç§å§â§è §ê§Ú§âүү§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

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1891 §à§ß§Õ, §©§à§ã§ä§í§ß §©§å§å-§µ§Õ §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §èө§ã§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§ï§Þ§ç§ï§Ý§ã§ï§ß

"§¨§Ú§ß§Õ§Ñ§ß§î §Õ§Ñ§à§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß" §Ô§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. Ө§Ó§Ôө§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ç§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§Ô "§µ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§à§Ý§ä§í§ß §å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß"-§í§Ô §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ "§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§ß§í §Ò§à§ã§Ý§à§Ô§à" §Ô§ï§Ø ү§ß§ï§Ý§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§é ү§ß§ï§ß§Õ§ï§ï §ä§Ú§Û§Þ §Ò§Ú§ê. §¿§ß§ï §ß§î §Õ§à§ä§à§â §Ô§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ßүү§Õ§ï§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ß §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§å§å§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß §ß§å§ä§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ï§Ù§Ý§ï§ß §Ò§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§Ø, §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ß§à§×§Õ§ä§à§Û §ãү§Ý§Ò§ï§ï§Ý§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Õ §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§Ô §å§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ú§ç §ç§ñ§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.  "§·ү§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §Ñ§Ý§Ø, §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §Ò§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ç" §å§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §©§à§ã§ä§í§ß §©§å§å-§µ§Õ§í§ß §à§Ý§à§ß§ç §Ô§Ñ§Ù§â§í§Ô §Ò§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß §ï§Ù§Ý§ï§ç, §Ñ§â§Ó§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§Õ§ï§ß §äү§Þ§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§Þ§î §ß§Ñ§ã§í§Ô §ç§à§â§à§à§Ø§ï§ï. §ª§ç §ç§ñ§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ù§å§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ø §Ñ§Þ§î §Ù§å§å§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß, §Õ§Ñ§Þ§ß§å§å§â §Õ§Ñ§Þ§ß§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§é§Ú§ß §ä§ï§ßүү§Ý§é§Ú§ß, §·§ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ß §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ï§ß§Ô§ï§â §çү§â§ä§ï§Ý §å§Ý §Þө§âөө ү§Ý§Õ§ï§ï§Ø§ï§ï. §°§Õ§à§à §é §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §¨§Ú§â§ï§Þ §·§ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§â §ç§à§×§â §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ã§å§å§â§î§ê§Ú§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§í§ß §Ô§å§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§í §ß§ï§Ô §ß§î §Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô §ä§Ñ§â үө§Õ §©§à§ã§ä, §©§å§å-§µ§Õ §ç§à§×§â §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ù§å§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß ү§â §ç§à§Û§é §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à. §·§Ñ§â§Þ§ã§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û §ß§î §Ù§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §©§å§å-§µ§Õ §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô, §©§à§ã§ä §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§ï§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §è§Ñ§è§Ñ§â§é §Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ø§Ú§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §ï§â§ï§Ô§èүү§Ý§ï§Ý§Õ §Òүү§â §äүү§â §Ý §ç§à§è§à§â§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

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1902 §à§ß§Õ "§ç§à§â§Ú§à §è§Ñ§Ñ§Ù" - §í§Ô §ä§å§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Û ү§Ôү§Û§ã§Ô§ï§ß "§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ä §Ñ§ä§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§Ô §çө§çүү§Ý§ï§ß §ê§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ñ§ç §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§Ý"-§í§Ô §ß§Ú§Û§ä§ï§Ý§Ø, §äү§Ô §äү§Þ§ï§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§é§Õ§í§Ô §ßүү§Ý§Ô§ï§ß §à§â§å§å§Ý§Ø§ï§ï. §¢§Ñ§ã §Ñ§ä§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ú§ç §è§ï§â§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ä§à§Þ§Ú§Ý§à§ß, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§Ø §Ñ§Þ§î§Õ§â§Ñ§Ý§í§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã §ã§å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §Ò§ï§Ý§é§ï§ï§â §ä§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Û§â §ß§Ñ§Û§â§Ôү§Û §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ø §å§â§Ó§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. "§¯§ï§Ô §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â §ç§à§×§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô" §Õ§Ñ§â§å§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ç§à§ê§å§å§ß§í §Õ§à§ä§à§â §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ê§Ú§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß "§¯§ï§Ô §Þ§à§â§Ú§ß§Õ §ç§à§×§â §ï§Þ§ï§ï§Ý §ä§à§ç§ã§à§ß" ө§â§äө§ß§èө§Õ ү§Ôү§Û §ç§Ñ§é§Ú§ß ү§Ù§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ý §Ô§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ§ß §ð§Þ. §¯§ï§Ô §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ä §å§Õ§Ñ§Þ§ê§Ú§Ý§ä §Þ§Ñ§Ý §Ñ§Ø §Ñ§ç§å§Û §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §Ò§ï§Ý§é§ï§ï§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§ç §ï§ß§ï§çүү §Ùө§â§é§Ú§Ý §Þө§â§Ôө§Ý§Õөө§ß§ä§ï§Û §ç§à§×§â §à§ß§Õ§à§à §ï§Ù§ï§Ô§ß§ï§Ý§ä, §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ø§Ñ§Þ §×§ã§í§Ô §Ùө§â§é§Ú§ß §à§â§é§Ú§ß §Ñ§ç§å§Û§Ô §ï§Ó§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¿§ß§ï §ß§î §Õ§Ñ§â§å§Û §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§ß §Þө§ç§çө§Õ §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§Ô§Õ§ã§à§ß "§µ§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä"-§í§ß §ï§ç§Ý§ï§Ý§ä, §Þө§ß §é §·§à§â§é§Ú§ß§í §ä§Ñ§Ý §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §ß§î §·§à§â§é§Ú§ß §ï§Ý§ã §Þ§Ñ§ß§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§ã§ß§í §Ø§Ú§ß§ç§ï§ß§ï §ê§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.

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XIX §Ù§å§å§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Õ§ï§Ý§ç§Ú§Û§ß §çү§é§Ú§â§ç§ï§Ô §å§Ý§ã§å§å§Õ ө§â§ãө§Ý§Õө§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø, §Ü§à§Ý§à§ß§Ú §à§â§ß§à§à ө§â§Ôө§ä§Ôө§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §·§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §à§â§à§ã§í§ß §ä§Ñ§ã§â§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ôү§Û ө§Þ§ßө§ê §äү§â§ï§ß §Ùүү§ß§ê ө§â§Ôө§ä§Ôө§ç §ß§î §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §Á§á§à§ß §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ñ§ê§Ú§Ô §ä§å§ã§Ñ§Õ §ä§å§ß §Ú§ç §ãү§â§Õүү§Ý§ï§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ. §·§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §à§â§à§ã§í§ß §´ө§Ó§Õ§Ú§Û§ß ө§ß§Õө§â§Ýө§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß, §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ü§à§Ý§à§ß§Ú §à§â§à§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §¿§ß§ï§ä§ç§ï§Ô§ä §äү§â§ï§ß §à§â§à§ç§í§Ô §ç§à§â§Ú§Ô§Ý§à§ç§í§ß §äө§Ýөө, §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Ñ§ã §´ө§Ó§Õ§ï§Õ §è§ï§â§ï§Ô §à§â§Ø §ã§å§å§ç§í§Ô §ê§Ñ§Ñ§â§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¤§ï§Ó§é §ï§ß§ï §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§ß (13) §Õө§Ó§êөө§â§Ý§í§Ô §à§Ý§Ø §é§Ñ§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß§Ôү§Û. 1905 §à§ß§Õ §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §è§ï§â§ï§Ô §ä§à§Þ§Ú§Ý§à§ß §´ө§Ó§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ß§Ú§Û§ã§Ý§ï§Ý §­§ç§Ñ§ã§í§Ô §ê§å§å§Õ §ï§Ù§Ý§ï§ß §Ñ§Ó§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ §ç§Ñ§Ý§ç §Ùү§Ô §Þ§à§â§Õ§à§ß, §çү§â§ï§ï§ß §Õ§å§ä§Ñ§Ñ§ß §à§â§Ø§ï§ï.

      §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §´ө§Ó§Õ §ç§à§×§â ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §à§ð§å§ß §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ø§à§Ý§à§à§Õ§à§Ô§é §ð§Þ. §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß§Õ §ã§å§å§ç §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§Ý §ß§î §Ñ§ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô§ä §Ú§ä§Ô§ï§Ý §Ñ§Ý§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß§Õ, §å§Ý§ã §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§à§à§ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§à§Þ§Ø§Ý§à§ß, §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §å§â§î§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§Ô §µ§ä§Ñ§Û§Õ §Õ§å§å§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§é§Ú§â§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §Á§Ô §ï§ß§ï үө§Õ §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Õ§à§ä§à§à§Õ§à§Õ §Ó§Ñ§ß §Ôү§ß, §ä§å§ê§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§ä §Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §à§ß§è §ï§â§ç§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç §Ú§ç §Ñ§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ §Òү§ç§Ú§Û "§ê§Ú§ß§ï §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô" өө§â§é§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Øүү§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø§ï§ï. §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ §º§Ú §ä§Ñ§Û §ç§à§å §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §¤§å§Ñ§ß §êү §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ §Ù§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç§à§à§â §à§é§à§à§Õ

§Ô§ï§Õ§ï§â§Ô§ï§ï §Õ§à§â§à§Þ§Ø§Ý§à§Ý §çү§â§ä§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §´ө§Ó§Õ§ï§Õ §Ò§å§è§Ñ§ç §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §à§â§à§ß§Õ §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ßүү§Õ§ï§Ý§é§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §å§â§Ú§ß §Ñ§ä§Ñ§â §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ø, §è§ï§â§ï§Ô §ã§å§å§Ø §ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ §ä§Ñ§â§î§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç§í§Ô §ï§ã§ï§â§Ôүү§è§ï§ß, §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §à§â§Õ§à§ß§ä§à§Û §ï§ã§ï§â§Ôүү§è§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§ï§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ý§à§à. §ª§Û§ß§çүү §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §à§â§Õ§ß§à§à§ã §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §è§à§Ý§í§Ô §à§Ô§è§â§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. 1910 §à§ß§Õ §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ §Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ §Ò§å§ã §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ùө§Ó§êөө§â§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §à§Ý§Ø §¿§ß§ï§ä§ç§ï§Ô§ä §Õ§å§ä§Ñ§Ñ§ß §à§â§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

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1911 §à§ß§í 12 §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß 1 - §ß§í ө§Õө§â §·§Ñ§Ý§ç §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ó§Ñ§ß §Ôү§ß §ß§Ñ§â §Ø§Ú§é §©§à§ã§ä §¨§Ú§â§ï§Þ§ï§ï§ã §Õ§å§ä§Ñ§Ñ§ß §à§é§ã§à§ß §·§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§â, §¢§à§Ô§Õ §Ô§ï§Ô§ï§ï§ß §¨§Ñ§Ó§Ù§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ò§í§Ô §ä§ï§â§Ôүү§Ý§ï§Ô§é§ï§ï§â ө§â§Ôө§ß §Òү§ç §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ø, §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§à§à §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. Үү§ß§Ú§Û §Ô§à§Ý §ê§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß §Ô§ï§Ó§ï§Ý.

1. §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §´ө§Ó§Õ §ç§à§×§â ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û §ê§Ñ§ê§ß§í §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß, §à§ð§å§ß §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Ø§à§Ý§à§à§Õ§à§Ô§é §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Û §Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§Ô §Õ§à§â§à§Þ§Ø§Ý§à§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.

2. §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß§Õ "§ê§Ú§ß§ï §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô"-§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Øүү§Ý§ï§ß, §Ó§Ñ§ß §Ôү§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §ä§å§ê§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§ä §Ý§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §à§ß§è §ï§â§ç§Ú§Û§Ô ү§Ôү§Û§ã§Ô§ï§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý §ñ§Ó§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß.

3. §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã "§®§Ñ§ß§Ø §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ß§ï§Ô §Ô§ï§â" §Ò§à§Ý§Ø, §ç§ñ§Ù§Ô§ï§ï§â §à§â§à§ß§Õ "§Þ§å§Ø" "§ê§Ú§Ñ§ß" §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß, §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §ß§à§×§Õ§à§à§â §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ú§â§å§å§Ý§Ø §Þө§â§äөө §·§ñ§Ý§ç §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §Þ§å§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ç §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß.

4. §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§à§ß§Õ §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §çү§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §Ú§ç §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§ï§ï§Ô§ï§ï§â §ß§ï§Ó§ä§âүү§Ý§ï§ß §à§â§å§å§Ý§Ø, §çү§ß §Ñ§â§Õ§í§Ô §ç§ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ý§Ø, §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô §å§ã§í§Ô §Ò§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß §ï§Ù§Ý§ï§ï§Õ §Ò§ï§Ý§é§ï§ï§â §ä§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ß §å§â§Ó§å§å§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.

5. §¸§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§ß §Ô§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Û §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ý "§´§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ñ§â§í§Ô §ä§à§ß§Ú§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§í§Ô §ã§ï§â§ï§ï§ç" §å§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ §ß§î §À§Ñ§ß§î §å§Ý§ã§í§Ô §è§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§â§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §å§Þ§Ñ§â§Õ §çөө§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §¨ү §À§Ñ§ß§î§Ø§Ú§Ñ§ß§í §å§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û §ï§Ô§ï§ï §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý§ç§Ñ§ß.

§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §çү§ß өө§â§Ú§Û§ß ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Û§ç§ï§ï §ï§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§Ý, §Ñ§Þ§î§Õ§â§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ß §Õ§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ý §ê§Ñ§ê§Ú§ß §êү§ä§ï§ï§ß, §Ñ§Þ§î §ß§Ñ§ã, §ï§ã§ß§ï§Ý §Þө§çө§Ý §Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ñ §Òү§ç§ß§ï§ï §à§ß§Õ§à§à ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß §®§Ñ§ß§Ø §çү§ß§Õ §ä§å§ê§Ñ§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §Þө§ß§çө§ç §ãө§ßө§ç§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Õ §çү§â§é§ï§ï. §¿§Ý §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ñ§Ô §å§Ô§ã§Ñ§Ñ §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ñ §ß§ï§Ô§ä§ï§Û §çү§é §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä§Ñ§ä§Ô§Ñ§ß, өө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Úө§Õ§ï§ï §ï§Ù§ï§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Ú§â§Ô§ï§Õ §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §ß§î §ï§ß§ï ө§â§äө§ß§èө§Õ §à§â§ê§Ú§ß §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ç §è§à§â§í§ß §Ô§Ñ§ß§è §Ù§Ñ§Þ §Ô§ï§Õ§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

      §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ã§à§ß §ñ§Ó§è §Ò§à§Ý §Ò§ï§â§ç §Ò§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Ñ§ä §Ñ§ñ§ß §Ù§Ñ§Þ §Þө§ß. §¯§ï§Ô §Õ§à§â§à§Û §Ò§å§å§â§Ñ§Û ү§ß§Õ§ï§ã§ä§ï§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ø , өө§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Úө§Õ§ï§ï §ï§Ù§ï§ß §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §ï§â§ç§ä §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ç §ß§î §ä§å§Û§Ý§í§ß §Ò§ï§â§ç§ê§ï§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §å§é§Ú§â §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Ñ.

     1912 §à§ß§í 2 §ã§Ñ§â§Õ §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã §Þө§ç§Ø§ï§ï. §¤§à§Ó§Ú§Û§ß ө§Þ§ßө§ç Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §ß§î §¨§Ú§Ñ§ß §©үө§Ý§Ú§ß, §À§Ñ§ß§î §º§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Û §Ù§ï§â§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§í§ß §è§ï§â§Ô§Ú§í§ß §ï§â§ç§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Ô§Ñ§â§ä §å§ß§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

      1913 §à§ß§Õ §·§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §°§â§à§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ç§í§Ô ү§Ý §Ùө§Ó§êөө§âө§ß §Ùө§Ó§çө§ß (Ө§©§°) §Ô§ï§Ø §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§â§é§ï§ï, §ï§ß§ï §ß§î §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §à§â§ß§í §ï§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§ï §ç§å§Ó§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§è§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§ã§Ñ§ß §°§â§à§ã §Á§á§à§ß§í §ß§å§å§è §Ô§ï§â§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §å§â§ê§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.

      1913 §à§ß§í §¹§Ú§ß §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ø §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ã§ß§à§à §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §´ө§Ó§Õ§ä§ï§Û "§®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §´ө§Ó§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ã§ß§í§Ô §Þ§ï§Õ§â§ï§ç §Ô§ï§â§ï§ï" §ä§à§Ô§ä§Ø§ï§ï.

       1915 §à§ß§í 6 §ã§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã 9 §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß §å§â§ä §ç§å§Ô§Ñ§è§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §ç§ï§Ý§ï§Ý§è§ï§ï§â§Ú§Û§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ø§Ú§ß §·§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §°§â§à§ã §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §Ò§å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ã§ß§í§Ô ү§Ôү§Û§ã§Ô§ï§ß "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß өө§â§äөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç §à§â§à§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø§ï§ï. §¢§à§Ô§Õ §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í §Õ§à§à§â §Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ §ç§Ñ§Ñ§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ô§à§Ó§Ú§Û§ß ө§Þ§ßө§ç §ï§Ý §ç§à§ê§å§å §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §äө§Ýөө§Ýө§Ô§é§Ú§Õ §à§â§à§ß §ß§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§ä§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§å§è§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§â§î§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §ª§Û§ß§çүү "§¥§à§ä§à§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§â §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ô§ï§Ø §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §·§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §°§â§à§ã §Òү§â §é§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ §¦§Ó§à§â§á§ä §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Õ§ï§Ý§ç§Ú§Û§ß 1-§â §Õ§Ñ§Û§ß§Õ §äө§Ó§Ýө§âүү§Ý§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß.

      1917 §à§ß§Õ §°§â§à§ã§í§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ý үү§ã§ï§Ø §·§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ä §°§â§à§ã §Þө§ç§ãө§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý"-§í§Ô §Òү§â§Þө§ãө§ß §ï§â§ç§ê§ï§ï§Ý§Õ§ï§ï §à§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç§í§Ô §à§â§à§Ý§Õ§à§Ø §ï§ç§ï§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

      1919 §à§ß§í 11 §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß 22-§ß§í ө§Õө§â "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß өө§â§äөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç"-§í§Ô ү§Ôү§Û§ã§Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô §ß§Ú§Û§ä§ï§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.

      1920 §à§ß§í 1 §ã§Ñ§â§Õ §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô, §Õ§à§â§à§Þ§Ø§Ý§à§Ô§Õ§à§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §ß§å§Ý§Ú§Þ§ã§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §Õ§ï§Ó§ä§ã§ï§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§é§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ "Өө§â§äөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç"-§í§Ô ү§Ôү§Û§ã§Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §×§ã§Ý§à§Ý §ç§Ú§Û§Ø ө§Ô§é§ï§ï.

      1920 §à§ß§í 10 §ã§Ñ§â§Õ §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§ï§ï§â§ï§Þ §è§ï§â§ï§Ô §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§í§ß §è§ï§â§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §·ү§â§ï§ï§ß§ï§ï§ã §çөө§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§Ø§ï§ï.

     1921 §à§ß§í 2 §ã§Ñ§â§Õ §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§ï§ï§â§ï§Þ §è§ï§â§ï§Ô §¢§à§Ô§Õ §Ô§ï§Ô§ï§ï§ß §¨§Ñ§Ó§Ù§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ò§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §ê§Ú§â§ï§ï§ß§Õ §Ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß §ã§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§ï§ï§â§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §Ñ§Þ§ã§Ñ§ß, §¢§à§Ô§Õ §Ô§ï§Ô§ï§ï§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ñ§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý §Ô§å§Û§Ø, "өө§â§äөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç"-§í§Ô §ã§ï§â§Ô§ï§ï§ç §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§é §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã ү§Ý §à§Û§ê§à§à§ã§à§ß.

     1921 §à§ß§í 7 §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß §ï§ç§ï§ß§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §Ñ§â§Õ§í§ß §ß§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §å§Õ§Ú§â§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §è§ï§â§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §å§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß §è§ï§â§ï§Ô §ß§Ú§Û§Ý§ï§ß, §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §è§ï§â§ï§Ô §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§ï§ï§â§ï§Þ §è§ï§â§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Ý§ç §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ã §çөө§ß §Ô§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. §¢§à§Ô§Õ §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §äү§Ý§ç§ï§ß §å§ß§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ø§ï§ï.

     1921 §à§ß§Û 7 §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß 11-§ß§í ө§Õө§â, §¢§à§Ô§Õ §Ô§ï§Ô§ï§ï§ß §¨§Ñ§Ó§Ù§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ò§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§ç§Ú§ß §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §ê§Ú§â§ï§ï§ß§Õ §Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß §ã§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ø, §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§ß, §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. Үү§ß§Ú§Û§Ô "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý" §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô.

     1924 §à§ß§Õ §¢§à§Ô§Õ §ç§Ñ§Ñ§ß §¨§Ñ§Ó§Ù§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ò§í§ß §ß§Ñ§ã §Ò§Ñ§â§ã§ß§í§Ô §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§Õ§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß, §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä§Ú§Û§ß §ï§Ó §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §ßө§Ýөө§Ôөө§â §äө§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ý §Ô§Ñ§â§é, "§¢§¯§®§¡§µ" §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø, §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§ï§Þ §Ø§å§â§Ñ§Þ§ä §ß§Ú§Û§Ô§ï§Þ §å§Ý§ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§å§Ó§Ú§â§é§ï§ï. §¯§Ú§Û§ã§Ý§ï§Ý §·ү§â§ï§ï §é "§µ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß§Ò§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â" §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ã§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§Õ§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

     1924 §à§ß§Õ §ç§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ "§å§Ý§ã §Ñ§â§Õ§í§ß §ß§Ñ§Þ §Ò§Ñ §ï§Ó §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§Ý§à§Ý" §Ò§à§Ý§Ø, §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§è§Ñ§Ñ §ã§ï§â§Ô§ï§ï§ã§ï§ß үө§Õ §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§äөө§ã "§Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý"-§í§Ô §ç§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§Ý§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Ô§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ô§ï§Ø §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§â§ã§ï§ß.

     1927 §à§ß§Õ §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ§í§ß "§ç§à§×§â §ß§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§Ý§à§Ý" §ï§Ó§Õ§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§ß, §¨§Ñ§ß §¨§Ú§Ö§ê§Ú §ï§Ó §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ§í§Ô §ï§ã§ï§â§Ôүү§è§Ø§ï§ï. §¿§Ó §ç§Ñ§Þ§ä§í§ß ү§Û§Ý§ã §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§Ñ§Õ §ç§ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§ß §Ò§Úө§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§ç§Ôү§Û§Ô §Þ§ï§Õ§ã§ï§ß §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý"-§í§Ô §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ï§â§ç §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§ï§ã §ä§å§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Û §ã§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Ó§ç§Ñ§Ñ§â §ê§Ú§Û§Õ§Ó§ï§â§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

     1936 §à§ß§Õ "§©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§è§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ø§Ú§Ý§è§Ñ§ç §Ô§ï§â§ï§ï" §ä§à§Ô§ä§à§à§Ø, §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §Õ§Ñ§Û§â§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Ñ§ã §ã§ï§â§Ô§Ú§Û§Ý§ï§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ø§ï§ï.

     1939 §à§ß§Õ §·§Ñ§Ý§ç §Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ß (§¯§à§Þ§ç§à§ß§í §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ý§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ß).

     1945 §à§ß§í 2 §ã§Ñ§â§Õ §Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß "§Á§Ý§ä§í§ß §ç§ï§Ý§ï§Ý§è§ï§ï§â"-§ä §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§í §ê§Ñ§Ñ§â§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ã§à§ß"-§í§Ô §Õ§ï§Ý§ç§Ú§Û§ß §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§ï§ï§ß§Õ §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§â§ã§ï§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

     1945 §à§ß§í 8 §ã§Ñ§â§Õ, §Á§á§à§ß§í §Õ§Ñ§Û§ß§Õ §ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß§í§Ô §Ù§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§í §ãүү§Ý§ï§ï§â 8 §ã§Ñ§â§í§ß 18-§ß§í ө§Õө§â §à§Õ§à§à§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §·§ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ñ§Û§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §µ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Õ "Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý§í§ß өө§â§äөө §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ç §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §à§â§à§ß" §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø, §·§Ñ§æ§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ã Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §éө§Ýөө§Ýө§Ô§Õө§Ø §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý §å§Ý§ã§ä§Ñ§Û (§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý) §ß§Ú§Û§Ý§ã§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §ä§å§ß§ç§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ø§ï§ï. §¤§ï§Ó§é §ï§ß§ï §ß§î §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§í §Ùө§Ó§êөө§â§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §à§Ý§Ø §é§Ñ§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß§Ôү§Û.

     1945 §à§ß§í 10 §ã§Ñ§â§Õ §©ө§Ó§Ýө§Ý§ä §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Ñ§â "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý"-§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û §ã§à§ß§Ô§å§å§Ý§î§Õ §à§â§à§Ý§è§ã§à§ß§í 100%-§Ú§Ñ§â §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§ç§í§Ô §Ùө§Ó§êөө§âө§Ó.

     1946 §à§ß§í 1 §ã§Ñ§â§Õ §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã ү§ß§ï§ß §Ò§à§Õ§Ú§ä§à§Û§Ô§à§à§â "§¤§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý"-§í§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ä§à§Ô§ä§ß§à§Ý§í§Ô §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§â§é§ï§ï. §®ө§ß §é "Ө§Óө§â §Þ§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §ß§î §ä§å§Û§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Û §·§ñ§ä§Ñ§Õ §å§Ý§ã§í§ß "§¥§à§ä§à§à§Õ §®§à§ß§Ô§à§Ý" §Ò§à§Ý§Ø §ç§à§è§à§â§ã§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.

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